Guide to building the Linux kernel. = Where do I find the kernel? = The latest source code for the Linux kernel is kept on [http://www.kernel.org/ kernel.org]. You can either download the full source code as a tar ball (not recommended and will take forever to download), or you can check out the code from the read-only [http://git.kernel.org/ git repositories]. = What tools do I need? = To build the Linux kernel from source, you need several tools: git, make, gcc, and (optionally) ctags and/or ncurses-dev. The tool packages may be called something else in your Linux distribution, so you may need to search for the package. The ncurses-dev tools are used if you "make menuconfig" or "make nconfig". On Ubuntu, you can get these tools by running: {{{ apt-get install libncurses5-dev gcc make git exuberant-ctags }}} On Red Hat based systems like Fedora, Scientific Linux, and CentOS you can run: {{{ yum install gcc make git ctags ncurses-devel }}} = Which kernel to build? = If you want to test to see if a bug is fixed then test against the latest stable kernel from kernel.org. If you are brave and your system is backed up the latest release candidate from Linus's tree is a great target. Sometimes the maintainer may want you to use an experimental branch from their own git tree. You should use the git URL they gave you instead of the git URLs below. If you're doing development for a new feature, or trying to test a bug fix, you should use Linus' tree, or the subsystem maintainer's -next tree. Most subsystem maintainers keep their [http://git.kernel.org/ git trees] on kernel.org. When in doubt, use Linus' tree. If you don't understand what a stable or release candidate kernel is, you should read the KernelDevProcess page. == Downloading the latest stable tree == First, checkout the stable kernel git repository: {{{ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git cd linux-stable }}} Next, find the latest stable kernel tag by running {{{ git tag -l | less }}} Find the latest stable kernel by looking for the largest vX.Y.Z values. For example, use the v3.1 tag over the v3.0.46 tag. If v3.1.1 is available, use that instead of v3.1. The kernel tags that end with -rcX are release candidate kernels, not stable kernels. Now checkout the code associated with that kernel with the command {{{ git checkout -b stable tag }}} Where tag is the latest vX.Y.Z tag you found. == Downloading the latest -rc tree == First, check out Linus' tree: {{{ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git cd linux.git }}} = Setting up your kernel configuration = Many kernel drivers can be turned on or off, or built as modules. The .config file in the kernel source directory determines which drivers are built. When you download the source tree, it doesn't come with a .config file. You have several options on generating a .config file. The easiest is to duplicate your current config. == Duplicating your current config == If you're trying to see if a bug is fixed, you probably want to duplicate the configuration on your running kernel. That config file is stored somewhere in /boot/. There might be several files that start with config, so you want the one associated with your running kernel. You can find that by running `uname -a` and finding the config file that ends with your kernel version number. Copy that file into the source directory as .config. Or just run this command: {{{ cp /boot/config-`uname -r`* .config }}} == Making the default config == Remember, a default config may not have the options you are currently using. Run {{{ make defconfig }}} == Making a minimal config == Compiling a kernel from scratch from a distribution configuration can take "forever" because the distros turn on every hardware configuration possible. For people wanting to do kernel development fast, you want to make a minimal configuration. Steve Rostedt uses ktest.pl make_min_config to get a truely minimum config, but it will take a day or two to build. Warning: make sure you have all your USB devices plugged into the system, or you won't get the drivers for them! == Changing your config == If you need to make any changes to your configuration, you can run one of the following commands. These require the curses tools to be installed. {{{ make menuconfig }}} or {{{ make nconfig }}} = Building the kernel = Run {{{ make }}} Or, if you have a multi-core processor, run {{{ make -jX }}} Where X is a number like 2 or 4. If you have a dual core, 2 or 3 might be good. Quad core, 4 or 6. Do not run with really big numbers unless you want your machine to be dog-slow! Walk away, get some coffee, lunch, or go [http://xkcd.com/303/ read some comics]. == Installing the kernel == To install a kernel, you will need to either manually update your GRUB configuration file, or have an installkernel script. This script installs the kernel to /boot/, installs modules to /lib/modules/X.Y.Z/ (where X.Y.Z is something like 3.1.5), and updates file /boot/grub/grub.conf. Fortunately, Ubuntu provides an installkernel script in /sbin/installkernel. The grubby RPM provides it for RPM based systems. If you have an installkernel script, you can just run {{{ sudo make modules_install install }}} Or if you don't have sudo installed, run {{{ su -c "make modules_install install" }}} == Running your kernel == First, make sure you know how to select a kernel at boot time. If your new kernel is broken, you want a way to boot into your old kernel. The grub bootloader usually presents users with a choice of kernels and you can reboot into a known good kernel if your new compile doesn't work. Some distros use a default grub config that hides that menu. You can usually get the menu to appear by mashing the ESC key during boot after the BIOS display disappears. Ubuntu: To make the grub menu always appear on boot under Ubuntu, remove the GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET line from /etc/default/grub. You may want to increase the GRUB_DEFAULT timeout from 0 to 15 seconds or more. After you've finished editing the grub file you may need to update your grub file. {{{ sudo update-grub2 }}} You will (usually) need to reboot into your new kernel. = Patching your kernel = There are several ways to apply a patch to your kernel. Usually the maintainer will send you a patch as attachment, or inline in the mail. You should either save the file, or copy and paste the patch into a new file. To apply the patch, go to the base kernel directory and run {{{ git am patchfile }}} Where patchfile is the file you saved. If patch fails, you can run: {{{ git am --abort git reset --hard HEAD git am -3 patchfile }}} This applies the patch, and attempts to run a three-way merge if the patch application fails. If all else fails, you can attempt to duplicate the patch changes by hand. Then you need to re-build your kernel and reboot. (Note: the older way of manually patching the kernel with `patch -p1