• Bridging_and_Forwarding

Bridging Details

Initialization

1. The initialization and clean up routines are br_init() and br_uninit()
   • respectively.
2. Initialization consists of

   1. allocating memory for net_bridge_fdb_entry structures

   2. Initialization of function pointer br_ioctl_hook to the routine

   3. Initialization of Function pointer br_handle_frame_hook to the routine to process ingress BPDU.

Creating a Bridge

1. Each Bridge Device can have up to a maximum of 1024 ports.

2. Bridge devices are created and removed using br_add_bridge() and br_del_bridge()

3. Ports are added to a bridge device with br_add_if() and removed with br_del_if()

4. The above routines execute with NETLINK routing lock held.The routines rtnl_lock() and rtnl_unlock() help in acquiring and releasing the locks.

5. br_add_bridge() and br_del_bridge() take care of locking on their own.

6. br_add_if() and br_del_if() uses dev_ioctl() to take care of locking/unlocking.

Bridge Device Creation

1. The new_bridge_dev(const char* name_of_the_bridge) function takes care of creating a new bridge.

   1. It initializes the net_device data structure

   2. Initializes the private data structure i.e (network device's private data netdev->priv)

   3. Initializes the per-bridge timers with br_stp_timer_init(struct net_bridge *br)

Bridge Device Setup

1. The Bridges use the br_dev_setup(struct net_device* netdev) routine to set up the bridge.The br_dev_setup()

   • routine is invoked in new_bridge_dev() function by calling allocate_dev() to which br_dev_setup() is given as function pointer.

2. The kernel distinguishes the bridge from other devices if the IFF_EBRIDGEflag is set in struct net_device.

3. The function br_dev_ioctl(struct net_device *dev, struct ifreq *rq, int cmd) processes some of the ioctl commands

   • thats issued in the bridge devices.

4. The bridging device driver initializes the br_dev_xmit(struct sk_buff *skb,struct net_device *dev) which

   • is invoked in br_dev_setup() routine by initializing br_dev_xmit to hard_start_xmit function pointer available in net_device data structure.

Deleting a Bridge

1. To remove a bridge,br_del_bridge() routine invokes del_br() which does as

   • follows
     1. Removes all the bridge ports
     2. For each port,removes all the corresponding entries in the forwarding database.
     3. Removes the bridge device directory in /sys/class/net directory.
     4. De registers the device using the routine unregister_netdevice

Forwarding Database

1. Each Bridge instance has its own forwarding database used regardless whether
   • STP is run or not.
2. The Forwarding database is placed in the net_bridge data structure and defined as hash table.
3. An instance of the net_bridge_fdb_entry data structure is added to the database for each MAC address learnt on the bridge ports.

Lookups

1. struct net_bridge_fdb_entry *fdb_find(struct hlist_head *head,const unsigned char *addr)

   1. Is used for querying net_bridge_fdb_entry for a given MAC address.
   2. Not used for forwarding data traffic.

2. struct net_bridge_fdb_entry *br_fdb_get(struct net_bridge *br,const unsigned char *addr)

1. Similar to fdb_find but used to forward traffic, called by bridging code (br_dev_xmit() routine)

3. Adding/Updating/Removing Entries

1. The net_bridge_fdb_entry data structure is populated with the device MAC

   • address using the br_fdb_insert(struct net_bridge *br, struct net_bridge_port *source, const unsigned char *addr) which is called by the br_add_if(struct net_bridge *br, struct net_device *dev) routine which is called by add_del_if() routine called by br_dev_ioctl() routine which processes the ioctl commands by the user.

Removing

• . The net_bridge_fdb_entry entries are removed using

  • void fdb_delete(struct net_bridge_fdb_entry *f) routine.

Handling Ingress Traffic

1. Reciept of frame is handled by netif_receive_skb() which calls

   • handle_bridge(). handle_bridge() is defined as NULL Pointer if the kernel does not have support for bridging.

2. If the kernel has support for bridging,handle_bridge() processes the

   • frame with br_handle_frame_hook.

3. The br_handle_frame_hook is initialized with br_handle_frame in the routine during the

   • bridge module initialization.When the packet is received,the netif_receive_skb() calls handle_bridge() which calls the br_handle_frame_hook.

Transmitting on a Bridge Device

1. The hard_start_xmit in net_device is initialized with

   • br_dev_xmit(struct sk_buff *skb, struct net_device *dev) routine which has the logic used by the bride to transmit data.

Overall Process

1. When a NIC is configured as a bridge port, the br_port member of the

   • net_device is initialized.

2. Receipt of frame is handled by netif_receive_skb() which calls

   • handle_bridge()

3. To transmit the frame, dev_queue_xmit() function is called which invokes the

   • hard_start_xmit() routine provided by the device driver.

4. The bridging forwarding database is searched for destination MAC address.
5. In case of a success, the frame is sent to the bridge port by making a call

   • to br_forward()

6. If the MAC lookup is a failure, the frame is flooded using br_flood()

Following are the Data Structures

1. net_bridge_fdb_entry - Entry of the Forwarding Database.There is one for each MAC address learned by the bridge.

2. net_bridge - Information about the bridge.

Routing/Forwarding Subsystem

1. Routing table is implemented using the struct fib_table data structure.

2. There are two routing tables by default
   • Local FIB Table
   • Main FIB Table

3. Reading entries in the routing table is done by calling the fib_lookup() function.

4. Routing tables are consulted using the ip_route_input_slow() and ip_route_output_slow() functions.

5. Two versions of fib_lookup() exist,one used when the kernel has support for policy routing and the other when the support is not included.

   • The selection is made at compile time.

6. All routing table lookups regardless the direction of the traffic, is done using the fn_hash_lookup() function.This function's lookup

   • algorithm uses the LPM algorithm.

   1.The routing cache is built using rtable elements.

Routing Lookup

1. The ip_route_input() is called and makes a cache lookup. If the cache lookup

   • results in a HIT then the packet is delievered using ip_local_deliver() or ip_forward()

2. If the cache lookup results in a MISS then call to fib_lookup() is made and

   • it in turn queries the LOCAL FIB Table.If the route exists the packet is

     delivered using the ip_local_deliver() or ip_forward() function.

3. If the route does not exist in the LOCAL FIB, the MAIN FIB is looked up and
   • if the route exists in the main table the packet is forwarded as above else the packet is dropped.

Packet Forwarding

Forwarding is split into two functions

• ip_forward()

• ip_forward_finish()

1. int ip_forward(struct sk_buff* skbuff)

   • Forwards the packet
   • Decreases the TTL in the IP header

   • if TTL is <=1, send ICMP message and packet is dropped.

   • Calls NF_HOOK(NF_HOOK(PF_INET,NF_IP_FORWARD, skb, skb->dev, rt->u.dst.dev, ip_forward_finish)

2. ip_forward_finish()

   • Sends the packet out by calling dst_output(skb)

3. dst_output(skb)

   • is a wrapper which in turn calls skb->dst->output(skb)